Since Russia’s February 2022 invasion of Ukraine, Western sanctions have cut off access to foreign-made aircraft and spare parts. With a fleet of more than 700 planes dominated by Airbus and Boeing jets, Russian airlines now rely on complex, indirect import routes to source critical components.
“There is no component base, no technology, no production facilities, no engineers,” said one Russian aviation industry source, who declined to be named due to the sensitivity of the matter. “To create all this from scratch takes years, if not decades.”
Given Russia’s geographical challenges as the world’s largest country, it depends on commercial aircraft for domestic freight and passenger transport across its 11 time zones.
Recent major incidents highlight an urgent need to prevent the fleet degrading. In late July, a Soviet-era Antonov An-24, built in 1976, crashed in the country’s far east, killing all 48 people on board. Days later, flag carrier Aeroflot grounded dozens of flights following a crippling cyberattack.
The aviation sector’s struggles to become self-sufficient are part of a broader industrial slowdown. Russia’s factory output contracted at its fastest pace since March 2022 in July, according to Purchasing Managers’ Index data, and industrial growth continues to decelerate. High interest rates have played a part in dwindling car production, coal sector bankruptcies, slowing export volumes of commodities like metals and oil products, as well as the missed plane-building targets, officials and businesses have said, contributing to slowing economic growth. “Industry is being hit faster and harder by tight monetary policy,” said Dmitry Polevoy, head of investment at Astra Asset Management, warning that the industrial sector was on the brink of recession.
PRODUCTION DELAYS AND NEW TARGETS
In 2021, Russia added 52 new commercial aircraft to its fleet – including 27 from Airbus, three from Boeing, and 22 Sukhoi Superjets built with imported parts – for airlines including Aeroflot, S7, Red Wings, Rossiya, and Ural Airlines, data from ch-aviation shows.
Since then, only 13 new planes have been added: 12 Superjets used by several Russian airlines and one Tupolev Tu-214, a twin-engine, narrow-bodied jet designed for medium-haul flights, the data showed.
The Tu-214 is being used by First Deputy Prime Minister Denis Manturov, according to a person familiar with the matter, FlightRadar24 data, and Russian media reports.
The government has repeatedly revised its production goals. In mid-2024, it cut the 2024-2025 delivery target to 21 from 171 aircraft. Last month, officials said targets would be revised again, citing high interest rates, which have made financing more expensive and slowed production.
State conglomerate Rostec, which oversees production of the Superjet-100s, Tupolev Tu-214s, Ilyushin passenger planes and the new Yakovlev MC-21 jet, has struggled to meet deadlines.
Rostec CEO Sergei Chemezov told Reuters last year that Russia would produce its own passenger planes, but delivery dates have repeatedly slipped.
The MC-21 aircraft, built entirely with Russian-made parts, was much heavier than the version built with imported parts, reducing range and fuel efficiency – so airlines have been reluctant to adopt it, according to the Russian aviation source.
On Tuesday, Chemezov told Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin that serial production of the MC-21, SJ-100, and IL-114 jets would begin in 2026, two years later than originally planned.
United Aircraft Corporation, the Rostec subsidiary that manages all the conglomerate’s aircraft production, did not respond to a request for comment.
SANCTIONS AND SUPPLY CHAIN
Despite efforts to localise production, Russia continues to rely on foreign suppliers.
Customs data seen by Reuters shows that parts worth at least $300,000 were imported in 2024 via intermediaries in Turkey, China, Kyrgyzstan, and the UAE. These included components from France’s Safran, U.S. Honeywell, and Britain’s Rolls-Royce. There is no evidence of these companies having violated sanctions.
Russia has developed a system of parallel imports, allowing goods to enter the country through third parties without the manufacturer’s knowledge or consent.
Safran and Rolls-Royce did not immediately respond to requests for comment.
Honeywell said it is not providing any equipment, parts, or products to any company in Russia and is “actively working to identify and interrupt any possible diversion of our products into Russia via third parties.”
Russia is trying to solve a unique and “hypercomplex” problem, Industry and Trade Minister Anton Alikhanov said last month.
“No other country in the world produces fully import-substituted planes,” Alikhanov said.
Reduced aircraft supply while demand remains high is pushing up prices for consumers, with ticket prices rising steadily throughout 2023 and 2024, Rosstat data shows.
Meanwhile, Moscow has been forced to get creative, asking airlines from Central Asian countries like Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan to run domestic Russian routes.
